How a video sparked the final downfall of SARS

Believing he knew enough of what was going on, he switched on his phone’s video camera and chased the police officers.

"They don kill the boy o. Safe Delta Ughelli. The boy don die o," he said while chasing after the police vehicle belonging to the Operation Safe Delta unit of the Delta State Police Command.

Makolomi posted the video on his Facebook page, and went on to the wedding party where he later got word that the victim did not die.

He deleted the video from his Facebook the next day, on October 4, posting an update that the victim in question did not die. But he was already no longer in control of his own creation.

When that video was shared on Twitter late on October 3, one tweet in particular, posted by someone who was not Makolomi, falsely claimed that operatives of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) shot the young man to death.

This tweet gained thousands of retweets and likes, and was expectedly received with outrage over the excesses of the Nigeria Police Force, especially SARS.

Festus Keyamo, the Minister of State for Labour and Employment, moved quickly on October 4 to clear up the confusion, announcing that the young man, Joshua Ambrose, was not dead, and that SARS wasn't the unit involved in the incident.

The police officers claimed the victim jumped out of the vehicle himself after he had been arrested, but he said the officers pushed him.

Keyamo promised that the conduct of the officers would be investigated, but stressed that the video online misrepresented facts.

"I wish to appeal to the youths in Ughelli not to resort to violence and/or destruction of lives and properties," he appealed at the time.

Joshua Ambrose survived his encounter with the Operation Safe Delta unit, contrary to what was reported after he was thrown outside of a moving vehicle [Twitter/@fkeyamo] Pulse Nigeria

The Ughelli incident reopened old wounds inflicted on regular Nigerians by rogue officers of the notorious SARS unit, and pockets of protests started popping up in a few states.

Police corporal, Etaga Stanley, was killed at a protest in Ughelli on October 8 reportedly because he had shot a young protester in the leg.

Later that night, the police harassment of peaceful protesters demonstrating overnight at the Lagos State House of Assembly fuelled more public interest, and the #EndSARS campaign entered its full-blown nationwide phase.

While Makolomi’s misleading video stirred the October 2020 movement, its absolute significance to what played out has been debated.

The reason SARS became the misidentified target for the Ughelli incident was because it had grown over the years to become the face of police brutality in Nigeria.

Since it was created in 1992 to combat armed robbery and other violent crimes, officers of the unit were accused as serial perpetrators of harassment, extortion, torture, and extra-judicial murder.

SARS had for a long time been considered by the public a menace and an existential threat, especially to Nigerian youths who are often the victims of their atrocities.

Past #EndSARS protest campaigns had forced authorities to announce reforms that the public distrusted for not being effective enough. But on October 11, 2020, then-Inspector-General of Police, Mohammed Adamu, announced that SARS would no longer exist as a unit of the Nigeria Police Force.

It was a long-overdue victory for the public, one that was ironically incited by an atrocity SARS was not directly responsible for.

But the sentiment was, and remains, that SARS had nonetheless allegedly been responsible for worse violations of rights and was deservedly scrapped, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the inciting incident.

The October 2020 protests especially targeted SARS, but protesters also demanded widespread police reform Pulse Nigeria

Social media played a huge role during the protests, and young Nigerians organised largely leaderless demonstrations that had the world's attention for two weeks.

But as much as it was a useful tool for fighting institutional power, social media also was a ripe breeding ground for disinformation and misinformation to spread unchecked.

A random photo of a young woman crying during a demonstration in Enugu went viral after someone had claimed on Twitter that police killed three of her brothers in one day.

The photo and the claim received thousands of retweets and likes before the woman involved, Ugwu Blessing Ugochukwu, announced it was a lie that had nothing to do with her.

These false claims were dismissed days after being widely shared on social media [BBC] Pulse Nigeria

Numerous social media posts also falsely claimed that the United Nations (UN) would be compelled to stage an intervention in Nigeria if the people protested for more than 30 days.

Another false claim widely shared on social media at the time said protesters holding the Nigerian flag would be immune from being attacked by security forces.

This claim was tragically proven to be false when Nigerian Army troops fired on peaceful protesters at the Lekki Toll Gate in Lagos on October 20, the event that effectively marked the end of the street demonstrations.

An analysis by Dubawa, a fact-checking outfit, found that social media users, celebrities, and influencers were the source of 83% of disinformation and misinformation regarding the #EndSARS protests, and Twitter was the major platform used to spread them.

MacHarry Confidence, a security analyst at SBM Intelligence, believes the viral spread of disinformation and misinformation during the protests was as a result of its largely leaderless structure.

"The impact of unchecked streams of information, some altruistic and devoid of malice, adds to the flavour of movements and goes a long way in determining its outcome," he tells Pulse.

By the time the #EndSARS protests were over, 57 civilians had been killed, according to government records. Those killings were perpetrated by armed thugs who tried to break up the demonstrations, and security operatives with the same objective.

The government's records also noted that at least 37 police officers were killed, most of that emanating from the escalation that followed the Lekki shooting of protesters.

When the government started hunting scapegoats, social media was one of the easy targets.

The role Twitter played in providing a platform for protesters was used as one of the justifications for why the government suspended its operations in June 2021, an action that received widespread condemnation until it was reversed months later.

The Minister of Information and Culture at the time, Lai Mohammed, capitalised on the events of the #EndSARS protests to push further on his campaign for social media regulation in Nigeria, a move critics said was designed to silence Nigerians [BBC via Getty Images] Pulse Nigeria

But perhaps the easiest of scapegoats for October 2020's events was Makolomi whose life took a dramatic turn following the release of his video in Ughelli.

He was first arrested on October 5, 2020 by the Delta State Police Command, and arraigned in court in Asaba, the state capital, on allegations of spreading false information, and inciting violence. He was granted bail days later, and even met Keyamo, a native of Ughelli, to thank him for his intervention.

The sound engineer heaved a sigh of relief when the government's prosecution team told the court on December 14, 2020 that it was no longer pursuing a case against him, but he was immediately arrested moments later outside the court.

Makolomi was freshly arraigned at the Federal High Court in Abuja, accused of intentionally spreading a false story that eventually led to the loss of lives connected to the #EndSARS protests.

He went on to spend a little over six months in detention, in Abuja and Niger State, according to sources familiar with his situation, before he was released on bail in June 2021. He lost his job and was struggling not to sink into debt trying to avoid a conviction for allegedly violating the Cybercrime Act, but little has been heard of his case since then.

Makolomi's video kickstarted the chain of events that led to the final nail in the coffin of SARS, but many critics remain unsatisfied with the impact the dissolution has had on general police reform.

Police brutality in Nigeria was always more than about SARS, a unit that was the brutal poster child for what many consider an institutional rot left to fester for too long.

Confidence thinks this needs to be tackled efficiently, and wants reform efforts to take a more general approach to include the nation's entire security architecture.

"Other security agencies, especially the Nigerian Customs Service and the Air Force have increased the pace of their unchecked brutality against Nigerians, and this goes beyond the youths," he says.