Iraqi special forces advanced on the eastern city limits of Mosul on Monday, tightening the noose as the offensive to retake the Islamic State group stronghold entered its third week.
Forces advance to Mosul city limits
Qaraqosh, which was previously Iraq's largest Christian, saw its first mass in more than two years on Sunday.
Shiite fighters drive their vehicles towards the village of Umm Sijan, south of Mosul, on October 31, 2016 during Iraqi forces' operation to recapture the main hub city from the Islamic State
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Elite counter-terrorism forces were facing mortar fire as they pushed from the Christian town of Bartalla towards Mosul's eastern suburbs, AFP correspondents at the front said.
As an aircraft struck a suspected IS mortar position in the distance, a convoy of Humvees sprayed gunfire across the arid plain at an industrial area still held by jihadists.
"The target is to retake Bazwaya and Gogjali, the last two villages before Mosul," Muntadhar al-Shimmari, a lieutenant colonel with US-trained the Counter-Terrorism Service (CTS), told AFP at the front.
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"If we manage that, we'll only be a few hundred metres (yards) from Mosul," he said.
New western front
Shimmari said "only a handful of civilians", mostly members of the Shabak minority, were thought to remain in the two villages.
Backed by air and ground support from a US-led coalition, tens of thousands of Iraqi fighters are converging on Mosul on different fronts, in the country's biggest military operation in years.
On the northern and eastern sides of Mosul, the extremist group's last major bastion in Iraq, peshmerga forces from the autonomous Kurdish region recently took several villages and consolidated their positions.
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To the south of the city, federal forces, backed by coalition artillery units stationed in the main staging base of Qayyarah, have been pushing north.
They have the most ground to cover and are still some distance from the southern limits of Mosul.
Paramilitary forces from the Hashed al-Shaabi (Popular Mobilisation), an umbrella organisation dominated by Iran-backed Shiite militia, opened another front over the weekend.
They are not directly headed for Mosul, instead setting their sights on the town of Tal Afar to the west, with the aim of retaking it and cutting supply lines between Mosul and the Syrian border.
Their leadership says publicly that they do not intend to enter Mosul, which has an overwhelmingly Sunni population, but commanders on the ground say they want to fight inside the city.
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The initial shaping phase of the operation, during which dozens of villages and several towns have already been retaken from IS, is still under way.
Once the initial phase is over, Iraqi forces are expected to besiege Mosul, attempt to open safe corridors for the million-plus civilians still believed to live there, and breach the city to take on die-hard jihadists in street battles.
Post-'caliphate' life
Humanitarian organisations have been fighting against the clock to build up the capacity to handle an expected exodus from the city.
The United Nations says up to a million people could be displaced in the coming weeks.
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More than 17,000 people have already fled their homes since the start of the operation and the Norwegian Refugee Council said there were currently only 55,000 more places available in camps.
In the dozens of villages and towns scattered over territory retaken from IS over the past two weeks, civilians were very slowly returning to a life free from the "caliphate" IS declared in Mosul in 2014.
"After two years and three months in exile, I just celebrated the Eucharist in the cathedral of the Immaculate Conception the Islamic State wanted to destroy," Yohanna Petros Mouche, the Syriac Catholic Archbishop of Mosul, said.
Most retaken areas were far from being habitable however, with months of mine clearing and reconstruction needed before the bulk of the original population can return.
IS has been losing ground steadily in Iraq since 2015 and the outcome of the Mosul battle is in little doubt, but commanders have warned it could last months.
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The loss of Mosul, where jihadist supremo Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared his Islamic "state" in June 2014, could end the days of IS as a land-holding force in Iraq.
That would leave the Syrian city of Raqa as the group's only major hub. The US-led coalition and its allies on the ground have pledged to attack it soon.
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