Some 2,000 people, many draped in red and yellow Catalan independence flags, gathered outside a court on the outskirts of Barcelona where six Catalan government officials, who were detained on Wednesday, were summoned for questioning.
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"I see the detentions as a violation of human rights. It's unheard of. For me we have returned to the Franco era," said one demonstrator, 60-year-old Josep Esteve.
Cars honked their horns in support of the protesters as they drove by, prompting applause from the demonstrators. Some of those gathered called for a general strike.
The six Catalan government officials inside the court -- under investigation for alleged crimes of disobedience, embezzlement and prevarication -- refused to answer questions.
The presiding judge ordered their provisional release, though they will have to appear weekly before the court while the probe continues.
Elsewhere, demonstrators gathered outside Barcelona's High Court in the heart of the city, where dozens of people had camped out overnight in tents while hundreds of students occupied the patio of the University of Barcelona.
The arrests of 14 Catalan government officials on Wednesday and the seizure of nearly 10 million ballot papers for the referendum have dealt a blow to the logistics of the vote, slated for October 1, but also fired up supporters of independence.
"I don't know if they see it, but any action which they take is a real boomerang against them," Catalan government spokesman Jordi Turull told a news conference.
'Sorry, Spain'
Catalonia's regional government insists the referendum -- deemed illegal by Madrid -- will go ahead despite the crackdown and a ruling suspending the vote from Spain's Constitutional court.
"Sorry, Spain. Catalonia is voting on independence whether you like it or not," read the headline of an opinion piece by Catalonia's President Carles Puigdemont published in the Washington Post.
"After three centuries under Spanish rule, on Oct. 1, citizens of Catalonia will finally have the chance to exercise their right to self-determination," he added.
Spanish authorities continued their efforts to block the referendum in the wealthy northeastern region of Spain which is home to roughly 7.5 million people.
Spain's Guardia Civil police searched a cardboard packaging company in the town of Odena near Madrid but found no material that could be used in the vote, a spokesman for the police force said.
"We guess they were looking for ballot boxes but we don't have anything," an employee of the company who asked not to be named told AFP by telephone.
Police reinforcements
Spain's Interior Minister Juan Ignacio Zoido sent a letter to the Catalan government warning the Madrid was sending extra police to Catalonia who "will act if the illegal referendum is held".
The ministry has chartered three cruise ships with a capacity for 6,600 passengers to house the officers.
Two of the ships are moored in the port of Barcelona while another is in Tarragona, some 100 kilometres (60 miles) south of the Catalan capital.
Madrid has not said how many extra police from the national police force and the Guardia Civil force would be sent but government spokesman Inigo Mendez de Vigo said they would "reinforce and support" Catalonia's regional police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra.
He accused the pro-separatist camp of "harassing" of those opposed to the referendum.
"They pressure offices of the (ruling) Popular Party that wants to respect the law, they have pressured school directors, university rectors, public workers, journalists, newspapers."
Polls show Catalans are sharply divided on whether they want independence or not, with the latest survey in July showing 49.4 percent against and 41.1 percent in favour.
Despite the divisions, a large majority of Catalans want to vote in a legitimate referendum to settle the matter.
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