Light-speed is the fastest that any material object can travel through space. That is, of course, barring the existence of theoretical shortcuts in the fabric of space called wormholes (and the ability to go through them without being destroyed).
In a perfectly empty vacuum, a particle of light called a photon can travel 186,282 miles per second (299,792 kilometers per second), or about 670.6 million miles per hour (1.079 billion kilometers per hour).
This is incredibly fast. However, light-speed can frustratingly slow if you're trying to communicate with or reach other planets, especially any worlds beyond our solar system.
To depict the speed limit of the cosmos in a way anyone could understand, James O'Donoghue , a planetary scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, took it upon himself to animate it.
"My animations were made to show as instantly as possible the whole context of what I'm trying to convey," O'Donoghue told Business Insider via Twitter . "When I revised for my exams, I used to draw complex concepts out by hand just to truly understand, so that's what I'm doing here."
O'Donoghue said he only recently learned how to create these animations his first were for a NASA news release about Saturn's vanishing rings . After that, he moved on to animating other difficult-to-grasp space concepts, including a video illustrating the rotation speeds and sizes of the planets. He said that one "garnered millions of views" when he posted it to Twitter .
O'Donoghue's latest effort looks at three different light-speed scenarios to convey how fast (and painfully slow) photons can be.
How fast light travels relative to Earth
One of O'Donoghue's first animations shows how fast light moves in relation to Earth.
Earth is 24,901 miles around at its center. If our world had no atmosphere (air refracts and slows down light a little bit), a photon skimming along its surface could lap the equator nearly 7.5 times every second.
In this depiction , the speed of light seems pretty fast though the movie also shows how finite it is.
How fast light travels between Earth and the moon
A second animation by O'Donoghue takes a big step back from Earth to include the moon.
On average, there is about 238,855 miles (384,400 kilometers) of distance between our planet and its large natural satellite.
This means all moonlight we see is 1.255 seconds old, and that an Earth-moon round-trip at light-speed takes about 2.51 seconds.
How fast light travels between Earth and Mars
O'Donoghue's third speed-of-light animation illustrates the challenge that many planetary scientists deal with on a daily basis.
When NASA tries to talk to or download data from a spacecraft, such as the InSight probe on Mars , it can only do so at the speed of light. This is much too slow to operate a spacecraft in "live mode" as you would a remote-control car. So commands must be carefully thought out, pre-packaged, and aimed at the precise location in space at the precise time so that they don't miss their target.
The fastest a conversation could ever happen between Earth and Mars is when the planets are at their nearest point to one another, a event called closest approach that happens once roughly every two years. On average, that best-case-scenario distance is about 33.9 million miles (54.6 million kilometers).
As that 60-second clip of O'Donoghue's full movie on YouTube shows, light takes 3 minutes 2 seconds to travel between Earth and Mars at closest approach. That's 6 minutes and 4 seconds for a light-speed round-trip.
The speed of light gets more depressing the farther you go
The situation gets downright depressing when you start looking outside the solar system. The closest-known exoplanet , called Proxima b, is about 4.2 light-years away from us (a distance of about 2.47 trillion miles or 3.97 trillion kilometers).
A Russian-American billionaire's Breakthrough Starshot project envisions a way to address this speed problem. The multi-decade plan is to build and fly tiny "nanocraft" past such exoplanets via ultra-powerful laser blasts , ideally at a planned cruise velocity of 20% of the speed of light. Yet the entire concept is still theoretical, may not end up working, and is still a fraction of light-speed.
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