The commerce ministry issued a statement voicing "serious concern" and warning that any US trade protectionism "will definitely harm bilateral trade relations".
The statement, posted to the ministry's official website, added that Beijing would "definitely adopt all appropriate measures to vigorously defend the lawful rights and interest of China."
Trump on Monday signed a memorandum directing US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer to determine whether Chinese policies hurt American investors or companies -- with retaliatory measures a possible outcome.
The president insisted that "Washington will turn a blind eye no longer" to Beijing's "theft" of US industrial secrets -- long a concern of major foreign corporations seeking a share of the huge Chinese market.
The probe comes at a time when US-China relations are already strained over North Korea, with Trump last week still suggesting that he might soften his position on trade if Beijing were to do more to help rein in its nuclear-armed neighbour.
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