A village's fight to take the 'poo to the loo'

"Having a toilet has changed my life. I can sleep a bit more. Earlier I had to rush out at four in the morning," said Damor, a 34-year-old mother of three.

"I would always look for an excuse to go to the hospital as I loved using a proper toilet with a door, water and lights," she said.

Before, during autumn it would be a struggle to find a secluded spot amidst the bare trees, while in the rainy season her hands would hurt from holding an umbrella -- to say nothing of the fear of being spotted.

But Bhuwalia, her village, is one of the success stories of a public health drive launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi -- host of a sanitation summit in Delhi this week -- on taking office in 2014.

The houses in Bhuwalia now boast toilets with twin-pit technology that requires no sewerage, and a sloped pan design that minimises water usage in the drought-prone region.

86 million toilets

Diseases caused by poor sanitation and unsafe water kill some 1.4 million children every year worldwide, more than measles, malaria and AIDS combined.

Under Modi's scheme, tribal households get 15,000 rupees ($205) each for building latrines, a boon for someone like Damor whose monthly family income is less than 10,000 rupees.

The Indian government says it has built more than 86 million toilets across the country of 1.25 billion people since October 2014.

It also says it has slashed the number of people forced to go to the loo in the open from 550 million in 2014 to fewer than 150 million today.

The "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" (Clean India Mission) is aimed at ending open defecation entirely by October 2 2019, birthday of India's independence hero and sanitation crusader Mahatma Gandhi.

The multi-billion dollar campaign combines raising awareness, providing subsidies for making latrines, and communal naming and shaming of those still relieving themselves in the open.

'Good-morning squads'

UNICEF, one of the many global organisations that has been supporting the Indian mission, has embarked on a mass awareness campaign in the remotest corners to insist "poo must go to the loo".

"We actually showed them how the flies sitting on stool were then sitting on their water and food," said Rushabh Hemani, who works for UNICEF in Rajasthan.

"When they learnt how the flies were spreading diseases, they realised the need for covered toilets."

There were other challenges too.

There were no approach roads to many villages in Dungarpur district, which meant transporting construction material for toilets was a Herculean task.

The villagers, led by Laxman Damor -- a former soldier and Kokila's father-in-law -- then did what they knew best. They started building the road by themselves, using hoes, pickaxes and other basic tools.

"Once the road was built, we used camels to bring up sacks of cement and tiles," said Laxman as he stood outside his toilet, the door scribbled with a slogan promoting hygiene.

Store room

But an Indian parliamentary report released in March red-flagged concerns over the rush to build toilets without making sure they were being used for the right purpose.

Often villagers construct a toilet but end up using it as a store room.

jpeg Mpeg4-1280x720In order to motivate people to use the toilet, teams of government employees and volunteers roam villages to publicly shame those who relieve themselves in the open.

Armed with torches and whistles, the so-called "good-morning squads" try to catch offenders red-handed during their early morning patrols.

"We mean no harm. This is the only way," said Kokila Damor, who revels in the unusual task.

"It's only through fear that you can stop people from defecating outdoors."