Hijab protests cap years of evolution

A spate of unprecedented protests against Irans mandatory headscarves for women have been tiny in number, but have still reignited a debate that has preoccupied the Islamic republic since its founding.

Walking through central Tehran with a loose scarf tossed lightly over her head, Samar, a dentist, is typical of the relaxed approach to headgear many Iranian women have adopted since the 1990s.

"Everyone should be able to decide for themselves what to wear. I don't think a few loose hairs can provoke anyone to anything," she said.

She was referring to the conservative claim that men are unable to stop themselves assaulting women if they can see their hair.

A typical sign -- at a hammam in Kashan, south of Tehran -- compares the veil to a pearl's oyster: "The oyster keeps the pearl safe from the hazards."

Many agree.

"In our country, men are raised with the idea that women must be seen with a headscarf. I will never remove my headscarf in my country for as long as I live," said Hanieh, a journalist, wearing a much tighter scarf around her head.

The issue has returned to the fore in recent weeks after several women took the unprecedented step of protesting in public without their headscarves. Police say 29 people have been arrested.

Iran is the only country in the world to impose a mandatory headscarf on both Muslim and non-Muslim women as part of its ill-defined "hijab" rules that require modest clothing, including a ban on shorts for men.

In practice the rules have been steadily eroding for years.

Particularly in wealthier areas, the all-body black "chador" robes have been increasingly replaced by jeans, make-up and loose, colourful scarves which many let drop around their shoulders entirely.

Rouhani's evolution

To see how much Iranian society has evolved, one need only listen to the president, Hassan Rouhani.

He once boasted of personally imposing the compulsory headscarf on women in the years after the 1979 revolution, starting with military centres.

"The women employees... started moaning and making an uproar but I stood firm," he wrote in his memoirs.

But since he became president in 2013, the morality police that enforce clothing rules have largely disappeared from the streets.

And just days after police announced the 29 arrests, his administration released a report showing that half of Tehranis opposed enforced hijab.

The timing of the release, four years after the study was conducted, was seen as a shot against Rouhani's conservative critics.

"Rouhani has evolved a lot," said Hamid Reza Jalaipour, a sociology professor at the University of Tehran.

"In a way, everyone has changed and we must forget the positions and statements of 20 or 30 years ago," he said.

The report said a substantial number -- 40 percent -- still support mandatory hijab but that figure has dropped from 55.5 percent in 2006.

"In a society where at least 40 to 50 percent believe hijab is a personal and optional matter, it is very difficult to demand enforcement," it concluded.

That is not a point that conservative clerics and officials are likely to concede easily.

On Sunday, judiciary spokesman Gholamhossein Mohseni-Ejei said the arrested protesters had either been duped, drugged or were working for foreign enemies.

"If it is proved that they have had links with a particular (foreign) organisation, a heavy file will be opened against them and they and their families will be in trouble," he told reporters.

Gradual change

The forced hijab did not come immediately after the revolution.

First it came to schools and government buildings and within a few years, shops were putting up signs telling women they were not welcome without a headscarf.

The revolution's founders were keen to break with Western influences, and the policies of the deposed monarchy which had sought to suppress outward symbols of religion.

Supporters said the hijab allowed religious families to send their girls to school and work for the first time.

But activists say that masks a deep-seated patriarchy, seen as anachronistic to many of the girls that benefited from that education.

"Some say that wearing the headscarf allowed women to come out of the house, but we should not forget this was always conditioned on the permission of the husband or father," said rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh, who is representing one of the women arrested in the recent protests.

Powerful parts of the establishment still see the headscarf as a crucial symbol of their revolutionary identity, up there with supporting Palestinians and opposing the United States.

"But even in this part, things are changing. A new level of tolerance and acceptance is emerging," said Jalaipour.

"Social phenomenon are not like teeth that can just be ripped out. There has to be a gradual evolution, and that's what is happening."