The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the blast targeted buses carrying residents evacuated from the northern towns of Fuaa and Kafraya under a deal reached between the regime and rebels.
Bodies were still being recovered from the attack at a transit point in Rashidin, west of Aleppo, according to the Observatory.
"The suicide bomber was driving a van supposedly carrying aid supplies and detonated near the buses," the monitoring group said.
It said that most of the dead were evacuees, but also included several rebels who had been guarding the buses.
Thousands of evacuees had been stuck on the road because of a disagreement over the number of rebels allowed to leave two other towns included in the deal, but the process restarted following the blast, the Observatory said.
AFP's reporter in rebel-held Rashidin saw several bodies, body parts and blood scattered on the ground.
The bombing took place as thousands of evacuees from Fuaa and Kafraya waited to continue their journey to regime-controlled Aleppo, the coastal province of Latakia, or Damascus.
More than 5,000 people who had lived under crippling siege for more than two years left the two towns, along with 2,200 evacuated from rebel-held Madaya and Zabadani, on Friday.
Syria's war has left more than 320,000 people dead since erupting in 2011, with more than half the population forced from their homes and hundreds of thousands enduring siege-like conditions.
It has sucked in regional and international powers and allowed jihadist groups to seize vast areas of the country.
US-backed fighters reached the outskirts of a key jihadist-held town in northern Syria on Saturday as part of an offensive aimed at the IS bastion of Raqa.
SDF advances
The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), an Arab-Kurdish alliance supported by US-led coalition air strikes and special forces advisers, surrounded Tabqa in early April and have cut its main supply routes.
The town and a vast nearby dam are considered key prizes in the broader offensive for Raqa, the de facto Syrian capital of IS's self-proclaimed "caliphate", about 55 kilometres (35 miles) to the east.
An SDF military source said Saturday that clashes were fierce and that the alliance's forces were "trying to penetrate the town from the east and west".
The alliance was reported to have advanced overnight after driving the jihadists from two areas just southeast and southwest of the town.
SDF fighters are within a few hundred metres (yards) of Tabqa, said Observatory head Rami Abdel Rahman.
He said heavy clashes were under way around the two suburbs as IS attempted to counter-attack.
The SDF launched its campaign for Raqa in November and has since captured most of the surrounding province.
It has been backed by US-led coalition air strikes, along with advisers and even an American Marines artillery battery.
Raqa was home to around 240,000 residents before 2011 and more than 80,000 people have fled to the city from other parts of the country since the start of Syria's civil war.
Tabqa sits on a key supply route into Raqa and served as an important IS command base, housing the group's main prison.
Evacuation in balance
Backed by Russia and local militias, pro-government forces have made a string of recent gains.
The government and rebels have brokered a series of deals to evacuate people from besieged areas, which Damascus touts as the best way to end the violence. Rebels say they are forced out by siege and bombardment.
The deal involving the evacuees targeted on Saturday has been beset by delays, and the 5,000 Fuaa and Kafraya residents had waited in Rashidin for more than a day without moving before the bomb went off, an AFP correspondent said.
Around 2,220 evacuees from Madaya and Zabadani were similarly blocked at a transit point in government-held territory, one of them told AFP by telephone.
State television said the car bombing had been carried out by "terrorist groups", a term the regime applies to all armed opposition groups.
Many residents had earlier expressed regret over not knowing when, if ever, they would be able to return to their homes.
"It's terrible to be uprooted like this, to go and live in a place that is not ours," said Jama Nayef, a vet from Fuaa.
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