The bus, which was carrying around 20 students from a local secondary school, was struck by the train in Millas about 18 kilometres west (11 miles) of the city of Perpignan, close to the Spanish border in mid-afternoon.
"The bus was very badly hit," the public prosecutor in Perpignan, Jean-Jacques Fagny, said.
The dead and critically injured were all travelling in the bus.
France Bleu regional radio reported that the train ploughed into the rear of the bus. Pictures posted on French media showed the bus had been severed in two.
Around 95 emergency workers, backed by four helicopters, were deployed as part of the rescue effort. The crash site was cordoned off to the media.
'War scene'
Prime Minister Edouard Philippe, who flew to Millas by helicopter, said the process of identifying the victims was "extremely difficult".
Twenty four people were caught up in the accident, including 20 children aged from 13 to 17, said Philippe.
The prime minister confirmed four deaths and said 11 of the injured were in critical condition with another nine in serious conditions in hospitals in the region.
"The priority at this stage is to be able to give precise information to the families," Philippe said.
Speaking to reporters, local prosecutor Jean-Jacques Fagni said the four dead children had yet to be identified while local governor Philippe Vignes described "a real war scene".
The local L'Independant paper cited one of the rail passengers, named only as Barbara, as saying the impact "was very powerful and we thought the train was going to derail".
The reason for the collision was unclear but an enquiry into "involuntary homicide" was swiftly opened.
A source close to the enquiry said witness questioning was underway and the drivers of the bus and train would be tested for alcohol and drugs.
'Vision of horror'
Robert Olive, mayor of neighbouring Saint-Feliu-d'Amont, Robert Olive, described the scene as a "vision of horror".
"The coach was really cut in two by the train as it passed," he added, speaking of the .
The national railway operator SNCF told AFP that "according to witnesses, the level crossing was working as normal" but that an investigation would be carried out to confirm the cause.
The families of the children rushed to the scene to try to get news of their loves ones, an AFP reporter at the scene witnessed.
President Emmanuel Macron tweeted: "All my thoughts for the victims of this terrible accident involving a school bus, as well as their families. The state is fully mobilised to help them."
Transport Minister Elisabeth Borne and SNCF head Guillaume Pepy were also made their way to the accident site.
"It's a terrible event," Education Minister Jean-Michel Blanquer said, expressing "profound sadness".
The security department for the Pyrenees area, where the collision took place, said the accident involved a train travelling west from Perpignan to the town of Villefranche de Conflent.
A medical-psychological aid centre was set up in Millas.
The accident is the third involving several fatalities on French railways in the past four years.
In 2015, a high-speed TGV train being tested on a stretch of the line between Paris and the eastern city of Strasbourg derailed after hitting a bridge at 243 kilometres-per-hour, killing 11 people onboard.
In 2013, seven people were killed when a commuter train slammed into a station south of Paris. A signalling defect was blamed for that crash.
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