The US has been fundamentally wrong on North Korea for decades — and now it may be too late

US and UN sanctions on North Korea have sought to cripple the regime through restricting access to commerce and banking, but despite limited successes here and there, North Korea now regularly demonstrates a variety of potent and expensive nuclear arms in open defiance of the international community at large.

"The pace of North Korean testing, particularly on the ballistic-missile front, has really accelerated over the past year," Kelsey Davenport, the nonproliferation director at the Arms Control Association, told Business Insider.

North Korea has tested not only a greater number but also a greater range of missile types meant to diversify its arsenal and defeat US and allied missile defenses.

In spite of the US and UN's best efforts, "North Korea has demonstrated its ability to domestically produce technologies that it's denied by the sanctions regime," said Davenport, who added that, overall, "compliance with UN sanctions on North Korea is quite poor."

Some smaller Asian countries simply don't have the means to enforce sanctions on North Korea, like searching cargo on ships headed to North Korea or tracking dual-use technologies, which have both civilian and military applications.

This results in a North Korean state that has covertly become a large supplier of military goods to small nations in the region that can't afford Chinese military goods or can't get access to US or European arms, which are tightly regulated.

A recent joint report from Arms Control Wonk and Reuters detailed how North Korea had used a network of falsified addresses and names to simply confuse countries into doing business with it. North Korean businessmen may take the same name as South Korean businessmen, or they may list their addresses as being in the "Korean Republic" or "PY city," (Pyongyang) according to the report.

"The reality is that the UN only works if everyone agrees to make it work," Rodger Baker, the director of Stratfor, a geopolitical analysis firm, told Business Insider. "There is no UN police force that enforces everything. It's up to the individual nations."

According to Baker, some countries may just not want to enforce sanctions from North Korea. Chief among those is China, which Baker said had turned "a blind eye" and viewed a North Korean collapse as a much greater risk than nuclearization, as a strong, unified, Western-leaning Korea could threaten China's aim at regional hegemony.

But sanctions are only one, imperfect tool for fighting North Korea's nuclear ambitions.

Baker argues that a much deeper misunderstanding has brought about the US's sustained failure to contain North Korea.

"For the longest time, the US believed that the North Korean regime would simply fall apart," said Baker, who added that the US thought "the loss of Chinese and Russian support post-Cold War meant that there was no way North Korea would survive."

Baker says the US made the mistake of comparing North Korea to an Eastern European state that fell to communism, one where the government wasn't respected and the people wanted representation and freedom.

In contrast, when the Kim regime set up its government, Baker said, it based it on traditional Korean politics and society. "They played off of a long history of Korean nationalism and implemented a system that was probably more Confucian than even China," he said.

Sanctions work best when a country wants to participate in the worldwide economy, but North Koreans have been kept insulated from these desires.

"This idea that if we can only keep flying South Korean TV show DVDs and pop songs into North Korea that they're all going to rise up because they want to have what their neighbors have overestimates the draw of material goods over nationalism and national identity," Baker said.

Additionally, North Koreans have seen steady improvement in their country over time. The famine is over, and money is pouring in from countries that can't or won't comply with sanctions. North Koreans have TVs, radios, and media to enjoy that paints the West as evil and the Kim regime as their savior.

Whereas the West has underestimated the Kim regime's internal strength, North Korea has accurately read the West's political will to hit the country with anything tougher than sanctions. And the focus of North Korea's nuclear program has shifted from a bargaining chip — something it could trade away for concessions from the international community — to an insurance policy.

As North Korea picks up the pace of its nuclear- and ballistic-missile testing, the US's window for effective preemptive military action against the Kim regime will quickly and firmly shut.

Omar Lamrani, a senior military analyst at Stratfor, told Business Insider earlier this month that an ICBM in the hands of Kim would mean the US could no longer credibly threaten North Korea with nuclear force, representing a "point of no return" in multilateral relations.

"North Korea," Lamrani said, "has made such progress now that the US feels that it does not have time anymore."

The US has been fundamentally wrong on North Korea for decades — and now it may be too late

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